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Fazenda em Tibau do Sul RN desenvolve experimentos para cultivar macroalga

Há duas décadas se destacando na prática sustentável de criar camarões e com quase uma década de sucesso na produção de ostras, a fazenda Primar Aquacultura, localizada em Tibau do Sul, está atualmente empenhada em ...
Redação NE9 Nordeste, da Agência NE9
14 de agosto de 2023 - às 05:22
Atualizado 14 de agosto de 2023 - às 05:22
7 min de leitura
09-08-2023 - Economia Produção Primar , Sr Márcia Kafenzstok ,Produtora Rural do RN ( Experimento com algas ) foto/adriano abreu/h/selecionadas
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Há duas décadas se destacando na prática sustentável de criar camarões e com quase uma década de sucesso na produção de ostras, a fazenda Primar Aquacultura, localizada em Tibau do Sul, está atualmente empenhada em experimentos para introduzir o cultivo de macroalgas. A meta é encontrar aplicações práticas para esse tipo de organismo, uma empreitada em parceria com pesquisadores da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). A investigação, que teve início em 2020, recentemente evoluiu para um novo estágio: um experimento em um ambiente controlado, lançado pouco mais de 20 dias atrás. Márcia Kafensztok, a administradora da fazenda, ressaltou que esses experimentos visam a compreender de maneira mais profunda o funcionamento das macroalgas, uma compreensão essencial para o cultivo eficiente desses organismos visando fins comerciais, conforme planejado.

“A direção que tomaremos com as macroalgas está nas mãos dos pesquisadores da UFRN, que lideram essa análise. Elas podem ser empregadas para embalagens, polímeros ou até mesmo no desenvolvimento de plásticos. Independentemente da resposta, será necessário dominar o cultivo desses organismos em nosso ambiente”, destacou Márcia, que conquistou o Prêmio Mulheres do Agro na categoria Pequena Empresa em 2021, reconhecimento concedido pela Associação Brasileira do Agronegócio (Abag) e pela Bayer. O trabalho da fazenda conta com o apoio do Sebrae-RN.

“Este é o primeiro estudo com macroalgas em um ambiente controlado. Isso nos permitirá entender melhor o seu funcionamento e o ciclo de vida desses organismos”, explicou a administradora. O experimento atual está sob a supervisão da engenheira Maria Eduarda, que chegou à Primar há quatro meses através do Programa de Residência Agrícola, promovido em parceria pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), a Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte e a Escola Agrícola de Jundiaí.

Eduarda salientou que o objetivo é aprender como manejar as macroalgas e identificar os ambientes mais propícios para sua adaptação. As pesquisas estão sendo conduzidas com organismos originados na própria fazenda. “Queremos descobrir os locais onde as macroalgas podem se fixar com maior facilidade, seja em um ambiente de fundo claro ou escuro. Esse mesmo experimento está sendo realizado simultaneamente em um ambiente aberto, mas com a mesma estrutura”, ela disse.

O experimento em ambiente controlado, de acordo com a engenheira, possibilita o controle de fatores como salinidade, luminosidade, qualidade da água e fertilização. “A ideia é testar se as condições controladas aqui podem ser aplicadas ao ambiente externo”, detalhou. Márcia Kafensztok, a administradora da Primar, indicou que ainda não há um cronograma para o início do cultivo comercial das macroalgas.

“Por enquanto, estamos realizando testes e aprendendo mais com os erros do que com os acertos. Algumas pistas podem nos orientar. Já observamos algas grudadas espontaneamente em algumas ostras que temos aqui. Se isso acontece, será que não podemos direcionar esse processo de alguma forma para ter uma produção desse tipo?”, ela sugeriu.

“Ainda não sabemos exatamente onde isso nos levará, mas as macroalgas crescem naturalmente aqui e seu uso comercial certamente valerá a pena”, acrescentou Márcia. Em 2020, a Primar também começou a cultivar microalgas, que são utilizadas como alimentação para sementes de ostras. Atualmente, estão sendo conduzidas pesquisas para introduzir essas microalgas como alimento para o estágio maduro dos organismos.

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Sustentabilidade como alicerce do empreendimento

Márcia Kafensztok, de 62 anos, e seu marido, o biólogo Alexandre Alter Wainberg, estabeleceram-se na Primar Aquacultura dois anos após a aquisição da fazenda, situada no sítio São Félix, em Tibau do Sul, a 70 km de Natal. A propriedade está às margens da Lagoa de Guaraíras e abrange uma área de aproximadamente 40 hectares, na qual a maior parte é dedicada à criação de camarões. Também inclui um laboratório para a produção de larvas e sementes de ostras.

O que são macroalgas?

Algas são organismos fotossintetizantes aquáticos que não constituem uma categoria taxonômica definida, apresentando organismos com diferentes organizações celulares e grande variedade de morfologias e formas de crescimento, o que ainda gera intensas discussões sobre sua classificação. De forma geral, são consideradas como microalgas, quando são observadas apenas com auxílio de microscópio, ou macroalgas, quando são possíveis de serem observadas a olho nu.

Estas, juntamente com as angiospermas marinhas, são produtores primários essenciais para manutenção do ecossistema marinho, sendo que as microalgas que compõem o plâncton são apontadas como responsáveis por 40 a 50% da produção primária global; enquanto as macroalgas destacam-se por sua grande importância econômica.

As macroalgas estão presentes em nosso cotidiano de forma despercebida compondo cremes hidratantes, xampus, plastificantes, isolantes, lubrificantes, cápsulas secas e cada vez mais são estudadas pela indústria farmacêutica por apresentarem compostos com função anticoagulante e antioxidante. Nos países orientais, diferentes macroalgas são usadas na alimentação, como a alga nori (gênero Porphyra), a qual tem apresentado consumo progressivo pela população brasileira.

Durante um passeio na praia nos deparamos com algumas macroalgas levadas até a areia pela ação das ondas e subida e descida das marés, ou durante uma visita e mergulho próximo a um costão rochoso, o que sempre nos chama atenção pela sua variedade de cores e formas.

No ambiente marinho, são encontrados, principalmente, três grupos de macroalgas: (1) Clorophyta, algas verdes, como o gênero Ulva; (2) Ochrophyta, algas pardas, como Sargassum e (3) Rhodophyta, algas vermelhas, como o grande complexo de algas coralinas. Estima-se a existência de 1.200 espécies de algas verdes, 1.750 espécies de algas pardas e 7.000 espécies de algas vermelhas. No Brasil, os principais registros datam a partir de 1950, sendo o primeiro trabalho publicado em 1951 por Aylthon Brandão Joly, ficologista brasileiro com grande contribuição no conhecimento das algas marinhas da costa atlântica latino-americana como um todo.

As macroalgas crescem fixas ao substrato, como em costões rochosos e raízes de manguezais, formando extensas “florestas marinhas” que protegem a zona costeira contra a ação das ondas e são foco de estudos por atuarem como abrigo para uma grande variedade de invertebrados marinhos, que as utilizam como proteção contra predadores, sítio reprodutivo e também recurso alimentar. Toda essa fauna residente das macroalgas possui relações fortes com suas características estruturais e é sensível a variações ambientais. Esses animais se tornam ainda mais expostos ao considerarmos a grande redução da extensão dos bancos de macroalgas nas últimas décadas, com o registro do desaparecimento de aproximadamente 29% dos habitats de algas marinhas desde o século XIX, totalizando cerca de 110km² perdidos ao ano desde 1980, ocasionado, principalmente, pela ação antrópica. Desta forma, cresce a importância de se conhecer a fauna residente e se avaliar o efeito de proteção sobre o sistema macroalgas–invertebrados em áreas que as atividades antrópicas são limitadas, questões que são investigadas nos nossos projetos de pesquisa.